Littattafan Jābir Ibn Ḥayyān da Gudummuwarsa ga Chemistry

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Littattafan Jābir Ibn Ḥayyān da Gudummuwarsa ga Chemistry

Gabatarwa

A cikin Part 1, mun yi bayani kan asalin Jābir ibn Ḥayyān, haihuwarsa, malamansa, da tasirin da ya samu daga Imam Ja’afar al-Sadiq. Yanzu kuma a wannan Part 2, za mu shiga cikin mahimman gudummuwarsa a ilimin chemistry, littattafansa, da kuma irin tasirin da rubuce-rubucensa suka yi a kan masana kimiyya na gaba.

Fitattun Littattafan Jābir Ibn Ḥayyān

Jābir ibn Ḥayyān ya bar tarin littattafai masu yawa. Akwai jayayya tsakanin masana kan adadin su, amma an ce sun kai fiye da 300, wasu na ce har 1000 littattafai ne. A cikin su akwai fannonin chemistry, falsafa, lissafi, likitanci, da magunguna.

1. Kitāb al-Kīmiyā (Littafin Chemistry)

Wannan shi ne shahararren littafin da ya kafa harsashin chemistry a duniya. An fassara shi zuwa Latin a ƙarƙashin suna “Liber de Compositione Alchemiae”. Wannan littafin ya ja hankalin Turawa, musamman lokacin da aka kai shi Spain a zamanin Andalus.

2. Kitāb al-Sab’īn (Littafin Sabain)

Wannan littafi ya ƙunshi kimiyyar sinadarai, hanyoyin yin gwaji, da ka’idojin dakin bincike. Shi ne ya fara kawo bayani kan yadda ake distillation, sublimation, crystallization, da filtration.

3. Kitāb al-Zuhra

Ya ƙunshi bayanai kan ilimin taurari (astronomy) da alaƙarsa da chemistry.

4. Kutub al-Mi’a (Littattafai 100)

Jābir ya tattara wasu rubuce-rubucensa zuwa jerin littattafai guda 100, kowanne yana bayanin wani sashi na ilimin alchemy da chemistry.

5. Kutub al-Mawāzīn (Littattafan Ma’auni)

A nan ya bayyana cewa duk abin da Allah ya halitta yana da tsari da ma’auni. Wannan littafi ya haɗa falsafa da kimiyya.

Gudummuwarsa ga Chemistry

1. Fitar da Acid (Acids Discovery)

Jābir ne ya fara gano hanyoyin da ake fitar da sinadarai kamar:

Sulfuric Acid

Hydrochloric Acid

Nitric Acid

Wannan ya ba da damar fara amfani da su wajen narka ma’adinai da kuma tsaftace kayan aiki.

2. Kayan Gwaji (Laboratory Instruments)

Shi ne ya ƙirƙiri abubuwa kamar:

Alembic (al-inbiq) – kayan distillation

Cups, flasks, furnaces – wanda ake amfani da su a har yanzu a chemistry.

3. Ka’idar Ƙwayoyin Sinadarai (Theory of Matter)

Jābir ya yi imani cewa duk abu yana da hayaƙi, ruwa, ƙasa da iska. Amma ya ƙara da cewa akwai sinadaran da ke haɗuwa su samar da siffofi daban-daban. Wannan ra’ayi ya buɗe ƙofa ga chemistry na zamani.

4. Gudummuwa ga Magunguna (Pharmacy)

Ya yi amfani da ilimin chemistry wajen shirya magunguna. Hakan ya ba da gudummawa ga fannin likitanci (medicine).

Tasirin sa a Turai

Bayan fassarar littattafan Jābir zuwa Latin a ƙarni na 12 da 13, sun shiga cikin makarantu a Turai. Masu fassara kamar Gerard of Cremona sun ba da gudummawa wajen yada iliminsa.

A ƙarni na 14 zuwa 16, masana irin su Roger Bacon, Albertus Magnus, da Paracelsus sun yi amfani da rubuce-rubucensa wajen ci gaba da bincike.

Falsafarsa da Sirrin Alchemy

Jābir bai tsaya kan gwaje-gwaje kawai ba. Ya haɗa kimiyya da falsafa. A ra’ayinsa, duk wani binciken kimiyya ya kamata ya kasance yana gina ɗan adam wajen kusanci da Ubangiji.

A alchemy, ya yi imani cewa duk ma’adinai suna da iyawar komawa wani nau’i idan aka yi musu gyara da tsarkakewa. Wannan ne ya sa ya yi gwaje-gwaje masu yawa kan zinariya da azurfa.

Matsalolin da ya Fuskanta

Kodayake ya yi fice, Jābir ya fuskanci matsaloli da gwamnati musamman a ƙarshen rayuwarsa. Wasu sun yi zargin cewa yana da alaƙa da siyasar Abbasawa, kuma hakan ya sa ya shiga cikin rikice-rikicen da suka addabi malaman ilimi a lokacin.

Qarshen (Part 2)

A wannan sashen, mun ga yadda Jābir ibn Ḥayyān ya bar tarihi mai nauyi ta hanyar littattafansa, gwaje-gwajensa, da falsafarsa. Shi ne ya kafa harsashin chemistry ta hanyar yin amfani da gwaji, ma’auni, da kayan bincike.

A Part 3, za mu ci gaba da bayani kan:

Shekarun ƙarshe na rayuwarsa

Mutuwarsa

Da kuma dalilin da yasa ake kiran sa har yau da suna Baban Chemistry.